Analytes Measured
Intestinal Microbial Overgrowth (and Mould) Markers
-
Citramalic Acid
-
5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic Acid
-
3-Oxoglutaric Acid
-
Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid
-
Furancarbonylglycine
-
Other yeast and fungal metabolites
Glycolytic Cycle and Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Metabolites
-
Pyruvic Acid
-
Lactic Acid
-
Citric Acid
-
Cis-aconitate
-
Isocitrate
-
Alpha-Ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutaric acid)
-
Succinate
-
Fumarate
-
Malate
Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketone Metabolites
-
Suberate
-
Adipate
-
Ethylmalonate
-
Methylsuccinate
-
Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
Markers of Cofactors and Nutritional Metabolites
-
Alpha-Ketoisovalerate
-
Alpha-Ketoisocaproate
-
Alpha-Keto-Beta-Methylvalerate
-
Beta-Hydroxyisovalerate
-
Methylmalonate
-
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
-
Pyridoxic Acid (Vitamin B6)
-
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Neurotransmitter Metabolism Markers
-
Homovanillic Acid (HVA)
-
Vanilmandelate
-
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA)
-
Dopamine metabolites (DOPAC)
-
Quinolinic Acid
Pyrimidine Metabolites and Cellular Turnover Indicators
-
N-Acetylaspartic Acid
-
Malonic Acid
-
Others related to DNA/RNA turnover
Oxalates
-
Oxalic Acid
-
Glycolic Acid
-
Glyceric Acid
Detoxification and Oxidative Stress Markers
-
Glutathione-related compounds
-
Markers indicating oxidative stress and methylation status
Amino Acid Metabolites
-
2-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid
-
2-Oxoisovaleric Acid
-
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric Acid
-
2-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid
-
2-Oxoisocaproic Acid
-
2-Oxo-4-methiolbutyric Acid
-
Mandelic Acid
-
Phenyllactic Acid
-
Phenylpyruvic Acid
-
Homogentisic Acid
-
4-Hydroxyphenyllactic Acid
Mineral Metabolism
-
Phosphoric Acid
These markers provide insights into:
-
Intestinal microbial overgrowth (yeast/bacteria)
-
Mitochondrial energy production
-
Nutrient deficiencies (B-vitamins, antioxidants, carnitine, NAC, CoQ10)
-
Detoxification capacity
-
Neurotransmitter metabolism
